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Dhyāna sutras
The Dhyāna sutras () or "meditation summaries" () are a group of early Buddhist meditation texts which are mostly based on the Yogacara meditation teachings of the Sarvāstivāda school of Kashmir circa 1st-4th centuries CE.〔Deleanu, Florin (1992); (Mindfulness of Breathing in the Dhyāna Sūtras ). Transactions of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan (TICOJ) 37, 42-57.〕 Most of the texts only survive in Chinese and were key works in the development of the Buddhist meditation practices of Chinese Buddhism.
==Overview==
The Dhyāna sutras focus on the concrete details of the meditative practice of the Yogacarins of northern Gandhara and Kashmir and were known as masters of Buddhist meditation. Kashmir probably became a center of dhyāna practice due to the efforts of Madhyāntika (Majjhantika), a disciple of Ānanda, who traveled north to practice and teach meditation.〔Chan, Yiu-wing (2013), (An English translation of the Dharmatrta-Dhyna Sutra ), PhD thesis, University of Hongkong〕
The five main types of meditation in these sutras are anapanasati (mindfulness of breathing), paṭikūlamanasikāra meditation - mindfulness of the impurities of the body, maitrī meditation, the contemplation on the twelve links of pratītyasamutpāda, and the contemplation on the Buddha’s thirty-two Characteristics. In addition some sutras contain instructions on contemplation of the dhtus (elements), contemplation of white bones and fresh corpse and contemplation of bodhisattvaa such as Amitābha.〔Ven. Dr. Yuanci, (A Study of the Meditation Methods in the DESM and Other Early Chinese Texts ), The Buddhist Academy of China.〕 The content of these texts is also connected with the Yogacara abhidharma works, especially the Abhidharmamahāvibhāsā-śāstra (MVŚ, 阿毗達磨大毗婆沙論) which frequently cites the practices of the early Yogacarins and the large ''Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra'' (YBŚ).〔Cheung Tsui Lan Liza (2013), (Doctrines of Spiritual Praxis from Abhidharma to Mahāyāna Yogācāra: With Special Reference to the Śrāvakabhūmi of the Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra ), PhD dissertation, University of Hong Kong.〕
Though the doctrines in these sutras are mostly in line with early Buddhist orthodoxy, they are the work of Buddhists and translators who also lived and traveled through Central Asia and China, therefore some of them also include Mahayana Buddhist teachings and meditation methods common to the Samadhi sutras. The Dhyāna sutras are thus a set of texts which illustrate the evolution of meditation from early Buddhist methods to Mahayana techniques. Sutras such as the ''Chanfa Yaojie'' (, compiled in India no later than the third century) contain meditations which are derived from the earlier nikāyas as well as material dealing with the Mahayana bodhisattva ideal 〔Thich Hang Dat, A REAPPRAISAL OF KUMĀRAJĪVA’S ROLE IN MEDIEVAL CHINESE BUDDHISM: AN EXAMINATION OF KUMĀRAJĪVA’S TRANSLATION TEXT ON “THE ESSENTIAL EXPLANATION OF THE METHOD OF DHYANA” http://www.thichhangdat.com/files/Master_Thesis.pdf〕 and Mahayana śūnyatā teachings.〔Deleanu, Florin. 1993. “Mahāyānist Elements in Chinese Translations of Śrāvakayānist Yogācārabhūmi Texts.”〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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